D. Pacifico · F. Miselli · A. Carboni · A. Moschella · G. Mandolino

Euphytica (2008) 160:231–240

DOI 10.1007/s10681-007-9543-y

The time course of cannabinoid accumulation in the leaves of individual plants of three Cannabis accessions was determined by gaschromatographic analysis in greenhouse-grown plants. The total amounts and the concentration ratios of CBD, THC and CBG were determined; two accessions (an experimental hybrid, (21R £ 15R) £ NL, and plants from a seized seed lot) were found chemotypically uniform, with all plants belonging to chemotpe II (mixed) and I (high THC) respectively. The Carmagnola accession showed chemotypic heterogeneity, with a majority of plants belonging to chemotype III. The CBD/THC and CBG/CBD ratios were shown to be largely constant in the leaves, since 28 and until 103 days after sowing, and consistent with the ratios determined on mature inflorescences. CBD and THC maximum amounts in the leaves showed a peak in the leaves around 80 days from sowing, and were shown to be simultaneous during the growth period, irrespective of the. Callus cultures were obtained from all the five different chemotypes (I, II, III, IV, V), and GC analyses were performed. Independently of the type and amount of cannabinoids in the mother plants, it was confirmed that callus cultures of Cannabis were not able to produce detectable amounts of any cannabinoids.

Abstract

Grafström K, Andersson K, Pettersson N, Dalgaard J, Dunne S

Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Aug;301:331-340. 

doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.035

The structural identification and the monitoring of the relative concentrations of a wide range of major (3) and minor secondary (16) metabolites used as marker substances for profiling of cannabis resin using GC-FID at the Swedish National Forensic Centre (NFC) has facilitated the mapping of their chemical and physical behaviors over a period of 48months whilst stored under different conditions (exposure to light, exposure to air, temperature). In all cases the behavior of this group of sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, cannabinoids and waxes could be directly related to their chemical lability/functionality. In particular, the identification of homologue triads for both Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) together with a group of seemingly chemically inert substances (for example, cannabicyclol(CBL) and the waxes (n-alkanes)) has created new tools for the establishment of common origins between samples of cannabisresins aged under different conditions. Since sampling of the resin blocks in NFC’s method for profiling of cannabis resin is made below the surface, the effects of light incursion were found to be negligible. The effects of exposure to air (and indirectly temperature) were found to be more significant, not unexpectedly as many of the observed transformations were based on oxidation or rearrangement processes.

Abstract

Mazzoccanti, O. H. Ismail, I. D’Acquarica, C. Villani, a C. Manzo,

M. Wilcox, A. Cavazzini and F. Gasparrini

Chem. Commun., 2017, 53, 12262

DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06999e

By using the Inverted Chirality Columns Approach (ICCA) we have developed an enantioselective UHPSFC method to determine the enantiomeric excess (ee) of (_)-D9-THC in medicinal marijuana (Bedrocans). The ee was high (99.73%), but the concentration of the (+)-enantiomer (0.135%) was not negligible, and it is worth a systematic evaluation of bioactivity.

Abstract

ElSohly, M. A., deWit, H., Wachtel, S. R., Feng, S., & Murphy, T. P. 

Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 25(7), 565–571.(2001). 

doi: 10.1093/jat/25.7.565

D9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychologically active ingredient of the cannabis plant (marijuana), has been prepared synthetically and used as the bulk active ingredient of Marinol, which was approved by the FDA for the control of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and as an appetite stimulant for AIDS patients. Because the natural and the synthetic THC are identical in all respects, it is impossible to determine the source of the urinary metabolite of THC, 11-nor-D9 tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), in a urine specimen provided in a drug-testing program. Over the last few years there has been a need to determine whether a marijuana positive drug test is the result of the ingestion of marijuana (or a related product) or whether it results from the sole use of Marinol. We have previously proposed the use of D9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, the C3 homologue of THC) as a marker for the ingestion of
marijuana (or a related product) because THCV is a natural component of most cannabis products along with THC and does not exist in Marinol. We have also reported that THCV is metabolized by human hepatocytes to 11-nor-D9-tetrahydrocannabivarin-9-carboxylic acid (THCV-COOH); therefore, the presence of the latter in a urine specimen would indicate that the donor must have used marijuana or a related product (with or without Marino]). in this study, we provide clinical data showing that THCV-COOH is detected in urine specimens collected from human subjects only after the ingestion of marijuana and not after the ingestion of Marinol (whether the latter is ingested orally or by smoking). Four subjects (male and female) participated in the study in a three session,
within-subject, crossover design. The sessions were conducted at one week intervals. Each subject received, in separate sessions and in randomized order, an oral dose of Marinol (15 mg), a smoked dose of THC (16.88 mg) in a placebo marijuana cigarette, or a smoked dose of marijuana (2.11% THC and 0.12% THCV). Urine samples were collected and vital signs were monitored every 2 h for a 6-h period following drug administration. Subjects were then transported home, were given sample collection containers and logbooks, and were instructed to record at home the volume and time of every urine collection for 24 h, and once a day for the remainder of a week (6 days). Subjects were also instructed to freeze the urine samples until the next session. All urine samples were analyzed by GC-MS for THC-COOH and THCV-COOH using solid-phase extraction and derivatization procedure on RapidTrace and TBDMS as the derivative. The method had a limit of detection of 1.0 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL for THCV-COOH and THC-COOH, respectively.

Abstract

Munjal, M., ElSohly, M. A., & Repka, M. A. 

AAPS PharmSciTech, 7(3), E114–E125. (2006)

doi: 10.1208/pt070371 

This research was conducted in order to fabricate stable polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based transmucosal systems of a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) prodrug, a hemisuccinate ester, using a hot-melt method. Since Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolhemisuccin ate (THC-HS) was heat labile, a series of processing aids were evaluated in order to facilitate hot-melt production at lower temperatures, thereby reducing THC-HS degradation. The stability of THC-HS was influenced both by the processing conditions such as heating time and temperature, and the postprocessing storage conditions. The type of formulation additive also affected the extent of degradation. In the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400, the percentage of relative degradation of THC-HS to THC was 13.5% and 49.4% at 80°C and 120°C, respectively. In contrast, incorporation of vitamin E succinate (VES) reduced processing degradation to 2.1% and 9.2%, respectively, under the same conditions. Severe degradation of THC-HS was observed during storage, even under freezing conditions (−18°C). A VES-Noveon AA-1 combination was observed to best stabilize the prodrug systems both during processing and postprocessing. Stabilization of THC-HS was achieved in these polyethylene oxide matrices at 4°C, with almost 90% of theoretical drug remaining for up to 8 months. Investigation of the pH effect revealed that the pH of the microenvironment in these polymeric systems could be modulated to significantly improve the stability of THC-HS, degradation being the least in a relatively acidic medium.

Abstract

Anežka Janatováa, Adéla Fraňkováb, Pavel Tlustošc, Karel Hamouza, Matěj Božikb,

Pavel Kloučekb,

Industrial Crops & Products 112 (2018) 363–367

Doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.006

In the last decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of lifestyle and auto-immune diseases, such as various cancers or multiple sclerosis. In countries where cannabis is decriminalized for medical purposes, it is most often prescribed for these diagnoses. Today, over 700 different cannabis genotypes are being bred, and it is very important to describe in detail their cultivation, potential yields, chemical profile and stability, to be recommended to a particular patient with a specific diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-florescence yields and the content of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) of seven traditional genotypes of cannabis – Conspiracy Kush, Nurse Jackie, Jilly Bean, Nordle, Jack Cleaner 2, Jack Skellington and National Health Services. The plants were grown under controlled climatic conditions during six growing cycles at a density of 9 plants/m2. Dried inflorescences from each plant were homogenized and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The average yield per plant was 21.02 ± 3.33 g and the highest yields showed genotype Nurse Jackie (24.74 ± 6.11 g). The lowest yields were shown by genotype Jack Skellington (15.41 ± 4.02 g). Average Δ9-THC levels for each variety in all 6 growing cycles ranged from 15.69 ± 2.6 % to 19.31 ± 2.47 % (w/w). The lowest contents of Δ9-THC were measured in the Nordle genotype and the highest values were found in the Jack Cleaner 2 and Jack Skellington genotypes. Average CBD levels in the plants ranged from 0.45 ± 0.1 % to 0.57 ± 0.08 % (w/w) over six individual cycles. This study shows that among genotypes studied, the best parameters – high yield and stable cannabinoids production – are shown by genotypes Nurse Jackie and Jilly Bean.

Abstract